2. Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators. Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:396-415.
3. Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:41-52.
4. Liu CH, Kao JH. Nanomedicines in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in Asian patients: optimizing use of peginterferon alfa. Int J Nanomedicine 2014;9:2051-2067.
5. Razavi H, Waked I, Sarrazin C, Myers RP, Idilman R, Calinas F, et al. The present and future disease burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with today’s treatment paradigm. J Viral Hepat 2014;21 Suppl 1:34-59.
13. Mele A, Tosti ME, Marzolini A, Moiraghi A, Ragni P, Gallo G, et al. Prevention of hepatitis C in Italy: lessons from surveillance of type-specific acute viral hepatitis. SEIEVA collaborating Group. J Viral Hepat 2000;7:30-35.
14. Paez Jimenez A, Sharaf Eldin N, Rimlinger F, El-Daly M, El-Hariri H, El-Hoseiny M, et al. HCV iatrogenic and intrafamilial transmission in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Gut 2010;59:1554-1560.
15. El Gaafary MM, Rekacewicz C, Abdel-Rahman AG, Allam MF, El Hosseiny M, Hamid MA, et al. Surveillance of acute hepatitis C in Cairo, Egypt. J Med Virol 2005;76:520-525.
16. Jadoul M, Bieber BA, Martin P, Akiba T, Nwankwo C, Arduino JM, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2019;95:939-947.
19. Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Stanaway J, Larney S, Alexander LT, Hickman M, et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:1385-1398.
21. Martinello M, Matthews GV. Enhancing the detection and management of acute hepatitis C virus infection. Int J Drug Policy 2015;26:899-910.
22. Maher L, Jalaludin B, Chant KG, Jayasuriya R, Sladden T, Kaldor JM, et al. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug users in Australia. Addiction 2006;101:1499-1508.
25. Morris MD, Shiboski S, Bruneau J, Hahn JA, Hellard M, Prins M, et al. International Collaboration of Incident HIV and HCV in Injecting Cohorts (InC3). Geographic differences in temporal incidence trends of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: The InC3 Collaboration. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64:860-869. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis 2017;65:706-707.
31. van Santen DK, van der Helm JJ, Del Amo J, Meyer L, D’Arminio Monforte A, Price M, et al.; CASCADE Collaboration in EuroCoord. Lack of decline in hepatitis C virus incidence among HIV-positive men who have sex with men during 1990-2014. J Hepatol 2017;67:255-262.
32. Jin F, Dore GJ, Matthews G, Luhmann N, Macdonald V, Bajis S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6:39-56.
34. Hasse B, Ledergerber B, Hirschel B, Vernazza P, Glass TR, Jeannin A, et al.; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Frequency and determinants of unprotected sex among HIV-infected persons: the Swiss HIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:1314-1322.
35. Apers L, Vanden Berghe W, De Wit S, Kabeya K, Callens S, Buyze J, et al. Risk factors for HCV acquisition among HIV-positive MSM in Belgium. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015;68:585-593.
37. Santantonio T, Wiegand J, Gerlach JT. Acute hepatitis C: current status and remaining challenges. J Hepatol 2008;49:625-633.
38. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, Saisho H. Acute hepatitis C virus infection, 1986-2001: a rare cause of fulminant hepatitis in Chiba, Japan. Hepatogastroenterology 2004;51:556-558.
40. Kato T, Date T, Miyamoto M, Furusaka A, Tokushige K, Mizokami M, et al. Efficient replication of the genotype 2a hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1808-1817.
43. Micallef JM, Kaldor JM, Dore GJ. Spontaneous viral clearance following acute hepatitis C infection: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Viral Hepat 2006;13:34-41.
46. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, Anania FA, Schaeffer M, Galai N, et al. The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors. JAMA 2000;284:450-456.
48. Soriano V, Mocroft A, Rockstroh J, Ledergerber B, Knysz B, Chaplinskas S, et al.; EuroSIDA Study Group. Spontaneous viral clearance, viral load, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-infected patients with anti-HCV antibodies in Europe. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1337-1344.
49. Tillmann HL, Thompson AJ, Patel K, Wiese M, Tenckhoff H, Nischalke HD, et al.; German Anti-D Study Group. A polymorphism near IL28B is associated with spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus and jaundice. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1586-1592.e1.
60. Harris HE, Eldridge KP, Harbour S, Alexander G, Teo CG, Ramsay ME; HCV National Register Steering Group. Does the clinical outcome of hepatitis C infection vary with the infecting hepatitis C virus type? J Viral Hepat 2007;14:213-220.
61. Farci P, Shimoda A, Coiana A, Diaz G, Peddis G, Melpolder JC, et al. The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies. Science 2000;288:339-344.
62. Liu CH, Chen BF, Chen SC, Lai MY, Kao JH, Chen DS. Selective transmission of hepatitis C virus quasi species through a needlestick accident in acute resolving hepatitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1254-1259.
65. Layden TJ, Mika B, Wiley TE. Hepatitis C kinetics: mathematical modeling of viral response to therapy. Semin Liver Dis 2000;20:173-183.
66. Santantonio T, Medda E, Ferrari C, Fabris P, Cariti G, Massari M, et al. Risk factors and outcome among a large patient cohort with community-acquired acute hepatitis C in Italy. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1154-1159.
68. Vogel M, Boesecke C, Rockstroh JK. Acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-positive patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2011;24:1-6.
69. Blackard JT, Sherman KE. Hepatitis C virus coinfection and superinfection. J Infect Dis 2007;195:519-524.
70. Okamoto H, Mishiro S, Tokita H, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. Superinfection of chimpanzees carrying hepatitis C virus of genotype II/1b with that of genotype III/2a or I/1a. Hepatology 1994;20:1131-1136.
71. Herring BL, Page-Shafer K, Tobler LH, Delwart EL. Frequent hepatitis C virus superinfection in injection drug users. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1396-1403.
72. Widell A, Månsson S, Persson NH, Thysell H, Hermodsson S, Blohme I. Hepatitis C superinfection in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients transplanted with an HCV-infected kidney. Transplantation 1995;60:642-647.
73. Lai ME, Mazzoleni AP, Argiolu F, De Virgilis S, Balestrieri A, Purcell RH, et al. Hepatitis C virus in multiple episodes of acute hepatitis in polytransfused thalassaemic children. Lancet 1994;343:388-390.
74. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Superinfection of heterologous hepatitis C virus in a patient with chronic type C hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1993;105:583-587.
75. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Wang JT, Yang PM, Lai MY, Wang TH, et al. Superinfection by homotypic virus in hepatitis C virus carriers: studies on patients with post-transfusion hepatitis. J Med Virol 1996;50:303-308.
76. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Yang PM, Sheu JC, Wang TH, et al. Mixed infections of hepatitis C virus as a factor in acute exacerbations of chronic type C hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1128-1133.
78. Liaw YF, Chen YC, Sheen IS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Chu CM. Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1024-1029.
79. Carithers RL Jr, Marquardt A, Gretch DR. Diagnostic testing for hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis 2000;20:159-171.
82. Preiksaitis JK, Cockfield SM, Fenton JM, Burton NI, Chui LW. Serologic responses to hepatitis C virus in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997;64:1775-1780.
83. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Tanikawa M, Hisanaga Y, et al. Changes in hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody status in patients with chronic hepatitis C after eradication of HCV infection by interferon therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:e49-e54.
84. Santantonio T, Fasano M, Sagnelli E, Tundo P, Babudieri S, Fabris P, et al.; Acute Hepatitis C Study Group. Acute hepatitis C: a 24-week course of pegylated interferon α-2b versus a 12-week course of pegylated interferon α-2b alone or with ribavirin. Hepatology 2014;59:2101-2109.
87. Liu CH, Liang CC, Liu CJ, Lin JW, Chen SI, Hung PH, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2a monotherapy for hemodialysis patients with acute hepatitis C. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:541-549.
88. Fabrizi F, Dixit V, Messa P, Martin P. Interferon therapy of acute hepatitis C in dialysis patients: meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2012;19:784-791.
93. Deterding K, Spinner CD, Schott E, Welzel TM, Gerken G, Klinker H, et al.; HepNet Acute HCV IV Study Group. Ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir fixed-dose combination for 6 weeks in patients with acute hepatitis C virus genotype 1 monoinfection (HepNet Acute HCV IV): an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:215-222.
94. Rockstroh JK, Bhagani S, Hyland RH, Yun C, Dvory-Sobol H, Zheng W, et al. Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir for 6 weeks to treat acute hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4 infection in patients with HIV coinfection: an open-label, single-arm trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2:347-353.
97. Boerekamps A, De Weggheleire A, van den Berk GE, Lauw FN, Claassen MAA, Posthouwer D, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 4 with 8 weeks of grazoprevir plus elbasvir (DAHHS2): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 3b trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;4:269-277.
98. AASLD-IDSA HCV Guidance Panel. Hepatitis C Guidance 2018 Update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2018;67:1477-1492.
99. European Association for the Study of the Liver; Clinical Practice Guidelines Panel: Chair; EASL Governing Board representative; Panel members. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: Final update of the series. J Hepatol 2020;73:1170-1218. Erratum in: J Hepatol 2023;78:452.
102. Maasoumy B, Ingiliz P, Spinner C, Cordes C, Stellbrink HJ, zur Wiesch JS, et al. Sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir for 8 weeks in patients with acute hepatitis C: multicenter, single arm, phase 2 study (The HepNet acute HCV-V study). J Hepatol 2022;77 Suppl 1:S582.
103. Micallef S, Gauci J, Gerada J. Acute hepatitis C infection with secondary liver injury successfully treated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2020;81:1-3.
104. Wu SH, Chu CJ, Huang YH, Hou MC. Successful treatment with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir plus ribavirin in acute hepatitis C-infected patient with hepatic decompensation. J Chin Med Assoc 2019;82:595-598.
107. Brancaccio G, Sorbo MC, Frigeri F, Rizzo V, Cantone M, Genderini F, et al. Treatment of acute hepatitis C with ledipasvir and sofosbuvir in patients with hematological malignancies allows early re-start of chemotherapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:977-978.
117. Hosseini-Hooshyar S, Hajarizadeh B, Bajis S, Law M, Janjua NZ, Fierer DS, et al. Risk of hepatitis C reinfection following successful therapy among people living with HIV: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet HIV 2022;9:e414-e427.
118. Hajarizadeh B, Cunningham EB, Valerio H, Martinello M, Law M, Janjua NZ, et al. Hepatitis C reinfection after successful antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs: A meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2020;72:643-657.
119. Carson JM, Barbieri S, Matthews GV, Dore GJ, Hajarizadeh B. National trends in retreatment of HCV due to reinfection or treatment failure in Australia. J Hepatol 2023;78:260-270 Erratum in: J Hepatol 2023 Mar 8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.020.
120. Carson JM, Hajarizadeh B, Hanson J, O’Beirne J, Iser D, Read P, et al.; REACH-C Study Group. Effectiveness of treatment for hepatitis C virus reinfection following direct acting antiviral therapy in the REACH-C cohort. Int J Drug Policy 2021;96:103422.
121. Liu CH, Liu CJ, Su TH, Tseng TC, Chen PJ, Kao JH. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir or glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for treating patients with hepatitis C virus reinfection following direct-acting antiviral-induced sustained virologic response. Adv Dig Med 2023;10:34-42.
122. Weinfurtner K, Reddy KR. Hepatitis C viraemic organs in solid organ transplantation. J Hepatol 2021;74:716-733.
124. Liu CH, Chen YS, Wang SS, Kao JH. Treatment of
de novo hepatitis C virus-related fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after orthotopic heart transplantation by ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. J Formos Med Assoc 2017;116:407-409.
127. Bethea ED, Gaj K, Gustafson JL, Axtell A, Lebeis T, Schoenike M, et al. Pre-emptive pangenotypic direct acting antiviral therapy in donor HCV-positive to recipient HCV-negative heart transplantation: an open-label study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;4:771-780.
129. Smith DE, Chen S, Fargnoli A, Lewis T, Galloway AC, Kon ZN, et al. Impact of early initiation of direct-acting antiviral therapy in thoracic organ transplantation from hepatitis C virus positive donors. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021;33:407-415.
131. Cypel M, Feld JJ, Galasso M, Pinto Ribeiro RV, Marks N, Kuczynski M, et al. Prevention of viral transmission during lung transplantation with hepatitis C-viraemic donors: an open-label, single-centre, pilot trial. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:192-201.
135. Goldberg DS, Abt PL, Blumberg EA, Van Deerlin VM, Levine M, et al. Trial of transplantation of HCV-infected kidneys into uninfected recipients. N Engl J Med 2017;376:2394-2395.
136. Reese PP, Abt PL, Blumberg EA, Van Deerlin VM, Bloom RD, Potluri VS, et al. Twelve-month outcomes after transplant of hepatitis C-infected kidneys into uninfected recipients: A single-group trial. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:273-281.
142. Feld JJ, Cypel M, Kumar D, Dahari H, Pinto Ribeiro RV, Marks N, et al. Short-course, direct-acting antivirals and ezetimibe to prevent HCV infection in recipients of organs from HCV-infected donors: a phase 3, single-centre, open-label study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:649-657. Erratum in: Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:e6.
144. AASLD-IDSA. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. AASLD-IDSA web site, <
https://www.hcvguidelines.org/>. Accessed 27 Jan 2023.