Clin Mol Hepatol > Volume 27(1); 2021 > Article
Thanage, Jain, Chandnani, and Rathi: A dilemma that probably would never resolve
Dear Editor,
Presentation of acute hepatitis B (AHB) and chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation (CHB-AE) is clinically identical. The absence of evidence of underlying chronic liver disease (CLD) and history of hepatitis B infection would further worsen differentiation between two conditions. The article by Lall et al. [1] published in Clinical and Molecular Hepatology brings back the discussion on the table. We appreciate the efforts of the authors for retrospectively compiling baseline virological parameters like immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-hepatitis B core (HBc) level, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen, and hepatitis B e antigen values as well as prothrombin time [1]. However, these findings doesn’t add much to the existing literature.
Firstly, out of 83 patients from the CHB-AE group, 60 (72.2%) were cirrhotic and 23 (27.7%) were non-cirrhotic. Patient with evidence of underlying CLD the diagnosis of CHB-AE automatically becomes the diagnosis of choice irrespective of the virological parameters.
In day to day practice dilemma arise when there is no clear cut evidence of underlying CLD. Also in the setting of on-going hepatitis, non-invasive diagnostic modalities are likely to yield false-positive results for cirrhosis. Those with evidence of underlying cirrhosis should have been excluded from the study.
The author reported area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for IgM anti-HBc as 0.87. The sensitivity and specificity for the cut-off value of 20.5 signal to cut-off (S/CO) were 93.3% and 92.7%, respectively, while positive predictive value and negative predictive value at this cut-off were 86.9% and 95.9%, respectively. However, the use of IgM anti-HBc has already been well established, many previous studies reported different cut-offs for same. Prospective study from our institute revealed that 76.9% of patients in the AHB group had high IgM anti-HBc titer (>12.14 S/CO). On the other hand, low IgM anti-HBc titer (<12.14 S/CO) was seen in the majority (71.4%) of the patients in the CHB-AE group [2]. The study by Kumar et al. [3] have found an incidence of high IgM anti-HBc titer (>1:1,000) in 77.5% patients of acute viral hepatitis B (AVH-B) and low IgM anti-HBc titer (<1:1,000) in 70% patients of the CHB-AE group. Park et al. [4] showed cut-off values for IgM anti-HBc as >8 S/CO which had sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% and 89.7% respectively for diagnosis of AVH-B.
In this study, HBV DNA levels were lower in CHB-AE than AHB, the opposite of which was shown in previous studies. A large number of CLD patients in the CHB-AE group probably led to this type of findings. Gayno et al. [5] have shown that in CHB-AE viral load rises in serum during spontaneous reactivation of chronic hepatitis B infection. In our study, the sensitivity of HBV DNA levels (>15,390 IU/mL) in the diagnosis of CHB-AE was 78.6% [2]. The study by Kumar et al. [3] showed high HBV DNA levels (>0.5 pg/mL = 28,751 IU/mL) had sensitivity and specificity of 86.6%, 95.9% respectively for diagnosis of CHB-AE. Park et al. [4] showed HBV DNA <5.5 log10 IU/mL had a sensitivity of 81.1% and specificity of 72.4% for the diagnosis of AVH-B.
The author has reported AUROC 0.56 (unsatisfactory diagnostic test) for international normalized ratio (INR). The sensitivity and specificity for the cut-off value of 1.27 were 57.9% and 45.1%, respectively. INR value could have been affected in the CHB-AE group as many patients had underlying chronic liver disease. The author also reported serum albumin level of 3.2±0.8 g/dL in AHB and 2.9±0.8 g/dL in CHB-AE (P=0.01). The author should have evaluated the diagnostic ability of serum albumin for differentiating these two entities.
To conclude, elderly age, High HBV DNA, and low IgM anti-HBc favors the diagnosis of CHB-AE. Newer biomarkers like HBV RNA, hepatitis B core-related antigen might be useful for differentiating between AHB and CHB-AE in the future.

FOOTNOTES

Authors’ contribution
Ravi Thanage: Manuscript writing
Shubham Jain: Literature search
Sanjay Chandnani: Manuscript writing
Pravin Rathi: Critical revision
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Abbreviations

AHB
acute hepatitis B
AUROC
area under receiver operating characteristic
AVH-B
acute viral hepatitis B
CHB-AE
chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation
CLD
chronic liver disease
HBc
hepatitis B core
HBV
hepatitis B virus
IG
immunoglobulin
INR
international normalized ratio
S/CO
signal to cut-off

REFERENCES

1. Lall S, Agarwala P, Kumar G, Sharma MK, Gupta E. The dilemma of differentiating between acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B with acute exacerbation: is quantitative serology the answer? Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26:187-195.
crossref pmid pmc
2. Thanage R, Rathi P, Pawar V, Udgirkar S, Jain S, Contractor Q, et al. Factors differentiating acute hepatitis B from acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B in prospective-retrospective cohort. J Assoc Physicians India 2019;67:39-43.

3. Kumar M, Jain S, Sharma BC, Sarin SK. Differentiating acute hepatitis B from the first episode of symptomatic exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:594-599.
crossref pmid
4. Park JW, Kwak KM, Kim SE, Jang MK, Kim DJ, Lee MS, et al. Differentiation of acute and chronic hepatitis B in IgM anti-HBc positive patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:3953-3959.
crossref pmid pmc
5. Gayno S, Marcellin P, Loriot MA, Martinot-Peignoux M, Levy P, Erlinger S, et al. Detection of serum HBV-DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients before reactivation of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1992;14:357-360.
crossref pmid
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ORCID iDs

Ravi Thanage
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0669-2063

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