The role of scheduled second TACE in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with complete response to initial TACE

Jung Hee Kim; Dong Hyun Sinn; Sung Wook Shin; Sung Ki Cho; Wonseok Kang; Geum-Youn Gwak; Yong-Han Paik; Joon Hyeok Lee; Kwang Cheol Koh; Seung Woon Paik; Moon Seok Choi

doi:10.3350/cmh.2016.0058

Clin Mol Hepatol > Volume 23(1); 2017 > Article

Kim, Sinn, Shin, Cho, Kang, Gwak, Paik, Lee, Koh, Paik, and Choi: The role of scheduled second TACE in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with complete response to initial TACE

Original Article

Clin Mol Hepatol. 2017; 23(1): 42-50.

Published online: March 7, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0058

The role of scheduled second TACE in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with complete response to initial TACE

Jung Hee Kim^1,^*, Dong Hyun Sinn^1,^*, Sung Wook Shin², Sung Ki Cho², Wonseok Kang¹, Geum-Youn Gwak¹, Yong-Han Paik¹, Joon Hyeok Lee¹, Kwang Cheol Koh¹, Seung Woon Paik¹, Moon Seok Choi¹

Corresponding author : Moon Seok Choi Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
Tel: +82-2-3410-3409, Fax: +82-2-3410-6983 E-mail: drmschoi@gmail.com

^*The first two authors contributed equally to this study.

Received September 9, 2016 Revised December 2, 2016 Accepted December 5, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

See the commentary-article "Is scheduled second chemoembolization necessary for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma showing complete response after first chemoembolization?" on page 31.

ABSTRACT

Background/Aims

We investigated the outcomes of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who showed a complete response (CR) to initial transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), with a focus on the role of scheduled TACE repetition.

Methods

A total of 178 patients with early-stage HCC who were initially treated with TACE and showed a CR based on the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria on one month follow-up computed tomography (CT) were analyzed. Among them, 90 patients underwent scheduled repetition of TACE in the absence of viable tumor on CT.

Results

During a median follow-up period of 4.6 years (range: 0.4-8.8 years), mortality was observed in 71 patients (39.9%). The overall recurrence-free and local recurrence-free survival rates at 1 year were 44.4% and 56.2%. In the multivariable model, scheduled repetition of TACE was an independent factor associated with survival (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.56 [0.34-0.93], P=0.025). When stratified using Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage, scheduled repetition of TACE was associated with a favorable survival rate in BCLC stage A patients, but not in BCLC 0 patients.

Conclusions

Scheduled repetition of TACE was associated with better survival for early-stage HCC patients showing a CR after initial TACE, especially in BCLC stage A patients.

Keywords: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Transarterial chemoembolization; Survival

INTRODUCTION

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the most commonly used nonsurgical treatment modality for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [1]. Tumor necrosis can be achieved by the combined effects of antitumor chemotherapy and selective ischemia of tumor tissue [1]. TACE has shown survival benefit over best supportive care for patients with unresectable HCC in two randomized controlled trials [2,3]. It is the first line treatment recommended for Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B (multinodular, preserved liver function, and good performance status) HCC [4,5]. For early stage HCC (BCLC stage 0 or A), resection or local ablation is the first line recommended therapy [1,4,5]. However, sometimes, TACE is the only option for early stage HCC, as resection or local ablation is infeasible due to poor hepatic reservoir function and/or improper tumor location for some cases. Indeed, the global HCC BRIDGE study, a multiregional large-scale longitudinal cohort study including 18,031 patients from 14 countries, has shown that TACE is a widely practice for HCC across the BCLC stages, including early stage HCC [6].

Once TACE is performed, its effect is usually evaluated by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria [7], based on tumor viability defined by the uptake of contrast agent in the arterial phase of dynamic imaging studies [1]. When viable tumor is noticed, repetition of TACE is considered. However, it is well known that complete response by radiological evaluation does not always correspond to total necrosis of the tumor by histological evaluation [8,9]. Hence, scheduled repetition of TACE (second TACE) for early stage tumor with complete response by radiological evaluation after the first TACE has been performed in some centers based on physician’s preference without significant data to support this approach. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated whether scheduled second TACE for those who showed complete response on 1 month follow-up computed tomography (CT) is associated with better outcome than on-demand approach. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term outcome of early stage HCC patients who showed complete response after the first TACE, with special focus on the role of scheduled repetition treatment strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

This is a retrospective cohort study. We screened Samsung Medical Center HCC registry for the period from January 2007 to December 2012. Detailed description of Samsung Medical Center HCC registry has been described in our previous paper [10]. Briefly, all newly-diagnosed HCC patients who received care at our institution were prospectively registered. HCC was diagnosed either histologically or clinically according to the regional guideline [11]. Well-trained abstractors collected data of HCC patients including age at diagnosis, gender, date of diagnosis, etiology, liver function, tumor characteristics, tumor stage, and initial treatment modality. From this registry, we screened a total of 577 patients diagnosed at early-stage (defined as the BCLC stage 0 or A evaluated with CT or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) who received conventional lipiodol TACE as an initial treatment. Among them, we enrolled 178 patients who showed complete response by mRECIST criteria at 1-month follow-up CT evaluation after the first TACE. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Samsung Medical Center. Because the study is based on the retrospective analysis of existing administrative and clinical data, the requirement of obtaining informed patient consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

Primary end-point, exposure, and other variables

The primary end-point was overall survival, defined as the time from the initial diagnosis of HCC to death. All patients were followed-up from the baseline to September 2015. Patient survival data were collected from National Statistics Service. Therefore, all deaths at the time of survival assessment were certified. The exposure was scheduled second TACE in the absence of radiological evidence of viable HCC after the first TACE. These patients were defined as scheduled second TACE group. Otherwise, patients were categorized as on-demand group, if they received second treatment when tumor became apparent by radiological evaluation. We also collected variables known to affect patient prognosis, such as age at diagnosis, gender, etiology of liver disease, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, Child–Pugh score, maximal tumor size, and tumor number. Tumor recurrence was reviewed and categorized into local recurrence, the recurrence of the initial TACE target lesion or remote new recurrence, the recurrence of other site except the initial lesion.

TACE procedure and follow-up

TACE was performed by six experienced intervention radiologists who had 3 to 16 years of experiences in TACE. After selective arteriography of the superior mesenteric, celiac, and common hepatic arteries using a 5-French catheter, the hepatic artery was catheterized with a coaxial microcatheter. After the microcatheter was positioned into or as close as possible to the tumor feeding branch, an emulsion of doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin; Ildong, Seoul, Korea) and iodized oil (Lipiodol; Guerbet, Aulnaysous-Bois, France) was slowly infused through the catheter. Oily TACE was performed as selectively as possible and a microcatheter was routinely used. The doses of iodized oil and doxorubicin were determined based on the size and vascularity of the tumor; the maximum doses of iodized oil and doxorubicin for a single session of TACE being 25 mL mg and 70 mg, respectively. Infusion of the lipiodol mixture was followed by particulate embolization with 1- to 2-mm-diameter gelatin sponge pledgets (Cutanplast; MasciaBrunelli, Milan, Italy). After TACE, patients were followed up one month later with dyanamic CT to evaluate tumor response. Those who received scheduled second TACE received the second TACE in similar manner, and underwent CT scan at one month later. Afterward, patients were monitored at 3-6 months interval with CT or MRI. Those in the on-demand group had the same follow-up protocols, except that they did not received the scheduled second TACE.

Statistical analyses

Baseline characteristics between those who received scheduled second TACE and on-demand approach were compared using chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, t-test or Mann-Whitney test as appropriate. The overall survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test. Cox-proportional hazard model was conducted to see whether scheduled second TACE is associated with overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and local tumor progression-free survival. Multivariable model was based on factors that showed significant association at unadjusted analysis (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis was performed to determine if any subgroup had survival advantage. A two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. IBM SPSS V23.0 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA) software was used for all statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Overall survival and recurrence-free survival

The baseline characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1 and Supplementary Table 1. Their mean age was 64.3 years and male comprised 69.7%. Hepatitis B virus was a major etiology. BCLC stage was 0 in 51 (28.7%) patients. During a median 4.6 years of follow-up (range: 0.4-8.8 years), mortality was observed in 71 (39.9%) patients. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93.3%, 86.5%, and 60.4%, respectively (Fig. 1A). During the follow-up, recurrence was observed in 135 (75.8%) patients. The recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were of 44.4%, 18.5% and 12.6%, respectively (Fig. 1B). Local recurrence was noticed in 103 (57.9%) patients. Local tumor recurrence-free survival rate at 1, 2, and 3 years were 56.2%, 34.4% and 25.8%, respectively (Fig. 1C).

Factors associated with overall, recurrence-free, and local recurrence-free survival

Age, etiology, Child-Pugh class, and BCLC stage were factors associated with overall survival in unadjusted analysis (Table 2). The 5-year survival rate in patients who received scheduled second TACE was higher than that in the on-demand group, although the difference was not statistically significant (66.3% vs. 54.2%, P=0.33). However, when baseline characteristics were compared, those with scheduled second TACE had more advanced BCLC stage than those in the on-demand group (Table 1). In a multivariable model, scheduled second TACE and etiology of hepatitis B virus infection (vs. others) were independent good prognostic factors while Child-Pugh class B (vs. A) and BCLC stage A (vs. 0) were independent poor prognostic factors associated with the overall survival (Table 2). Child-Pugh class and BCLC stage were associated with recurrence-free survival in unadjusted analysis. BCLC stage A (vs. 0) was poor prognostic factors associated with recurrence-free survival (Table 3) and local recurrence-free survival in multivariable analysis (Table 4).

Treatment strategy (scheduled second TACE vs. on-demand group) was not associated with recurrence-free survival (39.7% vs. 49.2% at 1 year, P=0.26) and local recurrence-free survival (68.3% vs. 66.8% at 1 year, P=0.38).

Long-term outcome of scheduled second TACE or on-demand according to BCLC stage

Sub-group analysis according to BCLC stage was performed. The baseline characteristics of BCLC stage 0 and A are shown in Supplementary Table 1. In BCLC 0 patients, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in overall, recurrence, and local-recurrence free survival between patients who received scheduled second TACE and those who received on-demand therapy (Table 5, Fig. 2). However, in BCLC stage A patients, the overall survival and local recurrence-free survival were significantly higher in those who received scheduled second TACE (Fig. 3). There was no difference in overall recurrence free survival by treatment strategy in BCLC A patients (Table 5).

DISCUSSION

For very early or early stage HCC, resection, transplantation or local ablation are the first-line recommended therapy [4,12]. However, in clinical practice, resection, transplantation or local ablation is infeasible in many cases [10]. For hepatic resection, hepatic reservoir function and future liver volume or remnant liver volume after resection should be considered in order to prevent postoperative hepatic insufficiency [1]. Thus, hepatic resection cannot be considered for HCC patients with limited hepatic reservoir function or remnant liver volume. For ablation, many HCC patients cannot undergo radiofrequency ablation due to inability to visualize the tumor [13]. Even if visible, the risk of thermal injury and heat sink effect limit its applicability [1]. For them, TACE is a valuable and sometimes the best option. It is an important clinical issue to develop and apply methods that can improve treatment outcome for very early or early-stage HCC patients treated with TACE.

In this study, we found that scheduled second TACE was an independent factor associated with overall survival, along with BCLC stage and underlying liver disease. To the extent that we are able to understand based on what is know, this is the first report that shows improved survival by scheduled second TACE in this subgroup. It has clinical implication as performing scheduled second TACE is a modifiable risk factor. Although the exact reason why scheduled second TACE benefited patients’ survival remains to be determined, several mechanisms suggest that our observation can be plausible. It is well known that radiological complete remission (no viable tumor) after TACE does not always match histological complete tumor necrosis [8,9]. Lipiodol artifact can lead to an underestimation of residual viable tumor when response is evaluated by CT [14-16]. For post-TACE CT assessment, dense lipiodol uptake has been proven to be a poorly specific marker of a complete histological response [9]. Scheduled second TACE may further enhance tumor necrosis, which may result in better local tumor recurrence free survival and better overall survival than the on-demand approach.

In this study, BCLC stage in those who received scheduled second TACE were more advanced than those with the on-demand approach. As BCLC stage was an independent risk factor for overall survival, recurrence free survival, and local recurrence free survival, we underwent subgroup analysis stratified by BCLC stage. we found more of a benefit of scheduled second TACE on survival of BCLC stage A patients. However, such benefit was less obvious in BCLC stage 0 patients. BCLC 0 HCC is composed of single tumor, while those with BCLC A include multiple tumors (two or three nodules; 61 patients had multiple tumors in this study). Golfieri et al. [9] reported higher degree of tumor necrosis for single nodules than multiple nodules, when treated with TACE. Kinugasa et al. [17] reported that multiplicity of tumors is a risk factor for tumor recurrence in patients with early-stage HCC who undergone TACE.

However, we should acknowledge that the present study has several limitations. This study is a retrospective study with inherent limitations including potential selection, measurement and misclassification biases. Because of the long study duration, many radiologists were involved in reading CT findings. There can be inter-observer or intra-observer variation in reading the CT findings between different radiologists. However, as radiologists were unaware of the study aims, measurement errors in reading these CT findings were independent and non-differential. Kloeckner et al. [14] suggested that MRI should be used over CT, as MRI is superior to CT for detection of viable tumor residuals after lipiodol-based TACE. Response rate after the first TACE or recurrence rate during follow-up can be varied according to the evaluation method. In this study, we included only patients who showed complete response by mRECIST criteria at 1-month follow-up CT evaluation after the first TACE. However, there was no pre-defined protocol for using CT or MRI during follow-up in those patients. The choice of performing scheduled second TACE was made by respective physician without any pre-defined clinical criteria. Those who received scheduled second TACE were composed of patients with more advanced HCC stage, indicating that physicians may have considered several factors in deciding scheduled second TACE. Because of the retrospective nature of this study, we were unable to document exact reason for repeating or not-repeating scheduled second TACE. Therefore, prospective validation studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Despite these limitations, this study provides important clinical information and raises question on TACE strategy. Generally, when performing TACE, treatment response evaluation by mRECIST criteria is recommended [1,4,5]. However, our data suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential limitation of response assessment with CT after lipiodol based TACE. It might be better to suspect incomplete tumor necrosis in case of BCLC A tumor when treated with TACE for the first time. For them, scheduled second TACE strategy can be a valuable option to further improve clinical outcome. These data call for well-controlled trials that can adequately answer whether scheduled second TACE in the absence of radiological evidence is a better approach than on-demand approach. Still, a significant proportion of early stage HCC patients are initially treated with TACE [6], this issue warrants further validation.

FOOTNOTES

Funding Support

This paper was supported by Research & Business foundation of Sungkyunkwan University (Grant number: S-2015-0047-000).

Author’s contributions

TStudy design: Choi MS; Statistical analysis: Kim JH, Sinn DH; Writing of the draft manuscript: Kim JH, Sinn DH, Choi MS; Data collection: Kim JH, Kang W, Paik YH, Choi MS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW; Critical revision of the manuscript: Kang W, Paik YH, Choi MS, Lee JH, Koh KC, Paik SW. All authors approved the final submission.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Supplementary materials are available at Clinical and Molecular Hepatology website http://www.e-cmh.org/.

Supplemental Table 1

Comparison of baseline characteristics according to BCLC stage

cmh-2016-0058-suppl.pdf

Figure 1.

Prognosis of very early- or early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with TACE. (A) Overall survival, (B) Recurrence-free survival and (C) Local tumor recurrence-free survival. TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.

Figure 2.

Comparison of overall survival and local tumor recurrence-free survival in scheduled second TACE and on-demand TACE groups of BCLC O stage patients (n=51). Kaplan-Meier curves showing the overall survival rate (A) and local tumor recurrence-free survival (B) in the scheduled second TACE (n=15) and on-demand groups (n=36). There was no significant differences in overall survival (76.0% vs. 85.6% at 5 years, P=0.77) or local tumor recurrence-free survival (69.0% vs. 84.6% at 1 year, P=0.31) between the second TACE and on-demand groups. TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; BCLC, Barcelona clinic liver cancer.

Figure 3.

Comparison of overall survival and local tumor recurrence-free survival in scheduled second TACE and on-demand groups of BCLC A stage patients (n=127). Kaplan-Meier curves showing the overall survival rate (A) and local tumor recurrence-free survival (B) in the scheduled second TACE (n=73) and on-demand groups (n=54). There were significant differences in overall survival (39.1% vs. 62.1% at 5 years, P=0.034) and local tumor recurrence-free survival (44.7% vs. 50.6% at 1 year, P=0.029) between the second TACE and on-demand groups. TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; BCLC, Barcelona clinic liver cancer.

Table 1.

Comparison of baseline characteristics

Characteristics	All (n=178)	On-demand group (n=90)	Scheduled second TACE (n=88)	P-value
Age (years)	64.3±10.5	64.5±10.9	64.1±10.0	0.81
Male	124 (69.7)	61 (67.8)	63 (71.6)	0.35
Etiology (HBV)	123 (69.1)	60 (66.7)	63 (71.6)	0.29
Child-Pugh score				0.12
A	146 (82.0)	77 (85.6)	69 (78.5)
B	32 (18.0)	13 (14.4)	19 (21.5)
MELD score	6.4 (4.1-8.6)	6.4 (3.8-8.8)	6.3 (4.2-8.5)	0.47
Tumor number				0.25
Single	117 (65.7)	60 (66.7)	57 (64.8)
Two-three	61 (34.3)	30 (33.3)	31 (35.2)
Tumor size (cm)	2.0 (1.3-2.6)	1.7 (1.3-2.5)	2.0 (1.5-3.0)	0.07
≤2.0^*	104 (58.4)	58 (64.4)	46 (52.3)
>2.0^†	74 (41.6)	32 (35.6)	42 (47.7)
BCLC stage				0.001
O	51 (28.7)	36 (40.0)	15 (17.0)
A	127 (71.3)	54 (60.0)	73 (83.0)
AFP (ng/mL)	20.1 (6.8-94.6)	19.9 (6.7-72.3)	20.1 (8.0-97.3)	0.36

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (quartile) or n (%).

TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; HBV, hepatitis B virus; MELD, model for end stage liver disease; BCLC stage, Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage; AFP, alpha fetoprotein.

^* The median tumor size was 1.5 cm (range: 1.0-2.0 cm);

^† The median tumor size was 2.8 cm (range: 2.1-6.0 cm).

Table 2.

Prognostic factors for overall survival

Characteristics	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (year)	1.03 (1.01-1.06)	0.006	1.02 (0.99-1.04)	0.070
Male	1.05 (0.63-1.76)	0.82
Etiology (HBV vs. other)	0.47 (0.29-0.75)	0.002	0.50 (0.30-0.83)	0.008
Child-Pugh class B (vs. A)	2.19 (1.27-3.75)	0.004	1.88 (1.06-3.34)	0.029
AFP (log ng/mL)	0.99 (0.86-1.14)	0.95
BCLC stage A (vs. 0)	2.86 (1.50-5.45)	0.001	3.07 (1.54-6.12)	0.001
Tumor recurrence	0.97 (0.59-1.58)	0.89
Treatment strategy
On-demand group	Reference		Reference
Scheduled second TACE	0.79 (0.49-1.26)	0.33	0.56 (0.34-0.93)	0.025

HR, harzard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; BCLC stage, Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.

Table 3.

Prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival

Characteristics	Univariate HR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (year)	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.43
Male	1.22 (0.85-1.76)	0.28
Etiology (HBV vs. other)	1.04 (0.71-1.54)	0.83
Child-Pugh class B (vs. A)	1.82 (1.10-3.01)	0.020	1.29 (0.77-2.18)	0.32
AFP (log ng/mL)	1.02 (0.92-1.13)	0.75
BCLC stage A (vs. 0)	2.58 (1.71-3.89)	<0.001	2.46 (1.60-3.78)	<0.001
Treatment strategy
On demand group	Reference		Reference
Scheduled second TACE	1.21 (0.86-1.17)	0.27	1.01 (0.71-1.43)	0.96

HR, harzard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; BCLC stage, Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.

Table 4.

Prognostic factors for local tumor recurrence-free survival

Characteristics	Univariate HR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (year)	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.23
Male	1.05 (0.69-1.60)	0.83
Etiology (HBV vs. other)	1.26 (0.81-1.98)	0.31
Child-Pugh class B (vs. A)	1.48 (0.86-2.56)	0.16
AFP (log ng/mL)	1.05 (0.93-1.17)	0.44
BCLC stage A (vs. 0)	1.99 (1.27-3.10)	0.002	2.23 (1.40-3.57)	0.001
Treatment strategy
On-demand group	Reference		Reference
Scheduled second TACE	0.94 (0.64-1.38)	0.74	0.72 (0.48-1.09)	0.12

HR, harzard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; BCLC stage, Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.

Table 5.

Local recurrence overall recurrence and survival after scheduled second TACE stratified by BCLC stage

Subgroup	Local recurrence free survival rate (%) at 1 year	Adjusted^* HR (95% CI)	P-value	Overall recurrence free survival rate (%) at 1 years	Adjusted^* HR (95% CI)	P-value	Overall survival rate (%) at 5 years	Adjusted^* HR (95% CI)	P-value
BCLC 0 (n=51)	69.0 vs. 84.6	1.48 (0.68-3.20)	0.31	58.6 vs. 42.1	0.90 (0.46-1.77)	0.77	76.0 vs. 85.6	0.82 (0.21-3.11)	0.77
BCLC A (n=127)	44.7 vs. 50.6	0.60 (0.38-0.95)	0.029	42.1 vs. 32.7	1.04 (0.68-1.59)	0.84	39.1 vs. 62.1	0.58 (0.34-0.98)	0.034

TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; BCLC, Barcelona clinic liver cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^* Adjusted for tumor number, size and Child-Pugh score.

Abbreviations

AFP

alpha fetoprotein

BCLC

Barcelona clinic liver cancer

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

mRECIST

modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors

TACE

transarterial chemoembolization

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