Clinical and Molecular Hepatology

"Transient elastography"

Original Article

Risk stratification by noninvasive tests in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Hye Won Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Mi Na Kim, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(3):1018-1031.
Published online April 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.1183

Background/Aims
Recently, the Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL) introduced a noninvasive test-based approach that uses the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) to identify high-risk patients with metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this study, the KASL two-step approach was validated by assessing the risk of liver-related event (LRE) development.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 8,131 patients with MASLD who underwent VCTE between 2012 and 2020. The index date was defined as the date of the VCTE measurement. Using the KASL two-step approach (FIB-4 index and subsequent VCTE), patients were stratified into four groups (low-, intermediate-low-, intermediate-high-, and high-risk groups). Outcomes, including LREs such as decompensation (DCC) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were evaluated.
Results
During the follow-up (median 46.6 months), 86 (1.1%) patients developed LREs (39 [0.5%] with DCC and 47 [0.6%] with HCC). The KASL two-step approach classified 67.6%, 17.7%, 5.7% and 9.0% of patients in the low-, intermediate-low-, intermediate-high-, and high-risk groups, respectively. The cumulative incidences of LREs increased proportionally according to risk stratification (0.07%, 0.10%, 0.29%, and 1.51% at 3 years and 0.35%, 0.26%, 1.94% and 5.46% at 5 years). The overall accuracy in predicting LREs ranged from 67.7–99.8%. The FIB-4 index and subsequent Agile3+, Agile 4, or FibroScan aspartate aminotransferase scores showed similar predictive abilities compared to the KASL approach.
Conclusions
The KASL two-step approach is an effective and practical method for risk stratification in patients with MASLD, optimizing patient care through early identification of high-risk individuals.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Correspondence to editorial on “Risk stratification by noninvasive tests in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease”
Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): e87. CrossRef
Risk stratification of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The KASL pathway: Editorial on “Risk stratification by noninvasive tests in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease”
May Xuan Goh, Xin En Goh, Jarell Jie-Rae Tan, Vincent L Chen, Yu Jun Wong
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): 429. CrossRef
Validation of combo ichroma as a reliable concentration-based alternative for AST and ALT measurement in liver disease monitoring
Minsoo Kim, Su A Kim, Jeong Min Kim, Hee Young Kim, Ho Yeong Yoon, Sung Won Park, Daegyun Park, Ji Sook Han, Ki Tae Suk
Methods.2025; 243: 66. CrossRef

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Reply to Correspondence

Viral hepatitis

Reply to correspondence on “Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using vibration-controlled transient elastography: Systematic review and meta-analysis”: Mirko Zoncapè, Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):e117-e118.
Published online November 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0994

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Correspondence

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Correspondence to editorial on “Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis”: Young Eun Chon, Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):e61-e63.
Published online October 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0878

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Editorials

Autoimmune liver disease

Transient elastography for assessing liver fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases: Excellent performance but limited details: Editorial on “Diagnostic accuracy of vibration-controlled transient elastography for staging liver fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis”: Kyung-Ah Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):275-276.
Published online October 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0827

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tanzania: prevalence and predictors
Evangelista Malindisa, Illuminata Kafumu, Allen Rweyendera, Elisha Mkemangwa, David Majinge, Igembe Nkandala, Paulina Manyiri, Semvua Kilonzo
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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Viral hepatitis

The use of transient elastography for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients: Editorial on “Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using vibration-controlled transient elastography: Systematic review and meta-analysis”: Mirko Zoncapè, Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):268-274.
Published online September 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0817

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reply to correspondence on “Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using vibration-controlled transient elastography: Systematic review and meta-analysis”
Mirko Zoncapè, Emmanuel A. Tsochatzis
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e117. CrossRef
Correspondence to editorial on “Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using vibration-controlled transient elastography: Systematic review and meta-analysis”
Young-Joo Jin, Seung Up Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e55. CrossRef
Aspirin Use and Risk of HCC and Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With HBV‐Related Cirrhosis: A Landmark Analysis
Mi Na Kim, Geun U. Park, Seng Chan You, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025; 40(11): 2750. CrossRef

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Correspondence

Steatotic liver disease

Correspondence to editorial on “Optimal cutoffs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis”: Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):e52-e54.
Published online September 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0815

7,374 View
42 Download

Editorials

Steatotic liver disease

Towards unification of liver stiffness measurement cutoffs: Editorial on “Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis”: Yangyue Zhang, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):264-267.
Published online September 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0766

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Correspondence to editorial on “Optimal cutoffs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analys
Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e52. CrossRef
Liver disease in people with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): A cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance elastography
Ernesto Maddaloni, Marta Zerunian, Vincenzo Cardinale, Annalisa Zurru, Rocco Amendolara, Daniela Luverà, Renata Risi, Luca D’Onofrio, Benedetta Masci, Francesco Covotta, Damiano Caruso, Domenico Alvaro, Andrea Laghi, Raffaella Buzzetti
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2025; 229: 112465. CrossRef
Mistakes in the utilization of vibration-controlled transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis: a narrative review
Madunil Anuk Niriella, Uditha Bandara Dassanayake, Charith Priyanga Madurapperuma, Indeewari Prathibha Wijesingha, Arjuna Priyadarshin De Silva, Hithnadura Janaka de Silva
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025; 19(12): 1299. CrossRef

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Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Spotting undiagnosed significant liver fibrosis in the general population: impact on subsequent clinical care: Editorial on “Prevalence of clinically significant liver fibrosis in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis”: Nana Peng, Mary Yue Wang, Sherlot Juan Song, Terry Cheuk-Fung Yip; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):256-260.
Published online September 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0737

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Correspondence to editorial on “Prevalence of clinically significant liver fibrosis in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis”
Hee Yeon Kim, Miyoung Choi, Dae Won Jun
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e48. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Autoimmune liver disease

Diagnostic accuracy of vibration-controlled transient elastography for staging liver fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Jihyun An, Young Eun Chon, Gunho Kim, Mi Na Kim, Hee Yeon Kim, Han Ah Lee, Jung Hwan Yu, Miyoung Choi, Dae Won Jun, Seung Up Kim, Ji Won Han, Young-Joo Jin; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S134-S146.
Published online August 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0586

Background/Aims
The assessment of liver fibrosis is crucial for managing autoimmune liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). However, data on the efficacy of noninvasive tests for these diseases are limited. This meta-analysis evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) for staging fibrosis in patients with autoimmune liver disease.
Methods
Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to assess the diagnostic accuracy of VCTE against histology as the reference standard in adult patients with autoimmune liver disease. The summary area under the curve (sAUC) and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated for significant fibrosis (SF), advanced fibrosis (AF), and cirrhosis, according to liver biopsy.
Results
Fourteen articles were included, comprising 559 PBC patients from six studies, 388 AIH patients from five studies, and 151 PSC patients from three studies. VCTE demonstrated good performance for fibrosis staging in PBC, AIH, and PSC. In PBC, sAUCs of VCTE were 0.87, 0.89, and 0.99 for staging SF, AF, and cirrhosis, respectively. In AIH, the sAUCs were 0.88, 0.88, and 0.92, respectively, while in PSC, they were 0.88, 0.95, and 0.92, respectively. The cutoff values for AF were 7.5–17.9 kPa in PBC, 8.18–12.1 kPa in AIH, and 9.6 kPa in PSC.
Conclusions
VCTE shows high diagnostic accuracy for staging liver fibrosis in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. This non-invasive method serves as a valuable tool for the evaluation and monitoring of fibrosis in these lifelong diseases.

Citations

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Critical considerations in evaluating the therapeutic potential of HK-660S for primary sclerosing cholangitis: Letter to the editor on “Safety and efficacy of HK-660S in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a randomized double-blind phase 2a tria
Yizi He, Haifeng He, Qi Liang, Yongzhi Xie
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): e1. CrossRef
Transient elastography for assessing liver fibrosis in autoimmune liver diseases: Excellent performance but limited details: Editorial on “Diagnostic accuracy of vibration-controlled transient elastography for staging liver fibrosis in autoimmune liver di
Kyung-Ah Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 275. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of serum Golgi protein 73 in liver fibrosis and inflammation in patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Yazhen Zhang, Aifang Xu, Yujiao Jin, Jing Gao, Jiahui He
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Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Shiuan-Chih Chen, Chun-Chieh Chen
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Sajid Jalil, Mangesh Pagadala, Nicholas Dunn, Hanna Blaney, Mohamed Elfeki, Nimish Thakral, Ashwani K. Singal
Current Hepatology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Steatotic liver disease

Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Young Eun Chon, Young-Joo Jin, Jihyun An, Hee Yeon Kim, Miyoung Choi, Dae Won Jun, Mi Na Kim, Ji Won Han, Han Ah Lee, Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S117-S133.
Published online August 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0392

Background/aims
Opinions differ regarding vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography (VCTE/MRE) cut-offs for diagnosing advanced fibrosis (AF) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the diagnostic performance and optimal cut-off values of VCTE and MRE for diagnosing AF.
Methods
Literature databases, including Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed, were used to identify relevant studies published up to June 13, 2023. We selected studies evaluating VCTE and MRE regarding the degree of liver fibrosis using liver biopsy as the reference. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUCs) of the pooled data for VCTE and MRE for each fibrosis stage and optimal cut-offs for AF were investigated.
Results
A total of 19,199 patients from 63 studies using VCTE showed diagnostic AUC of 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.80–0.86), 0.83 (0.80–0.86), 0.87 (0.84–0.90), and 0.94 (0.91–0.96) for ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 stages, respectively. Similarly, 1,484 patients from 14 studies using MRE showed diagnostic AUC of 0.89 (0.86–0.92), 0.92 (0.89–0.94), 0.89 (0.86–0.92), and 0.94 (0.91–0.96) for ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 stages, respectively. The diagnostic AUC for AF using VCTE was highest at 0.90 with a cut-off of 7.1–7.9 kPa, and that of MRE was highest at 0.94 with a cut-off of 3.62–3.8 kPa.
Conclusions
VCTE (7.1–7.9 kPa) and MRE (3.62–3.8 kPa) with the suggested cut-offs showed favorable accuracy for diagnosing AF in patients with NAFLD. This result will serve as a basis for clinical guidelines for non-invasive tests and differential diagnosis of AF.

Citations

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Non-invasive Risk-based Surveillance Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Ji Won Han
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 86(1): 62. CrossRef
Correspondence to editorial on “Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analy
Young Eun Chon, Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e61. CrossRef
Essential tools for assessing advanced fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Editorial on “Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fib
Won Sohn
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 277. CrossRef
Correspondence to editorial on “Optimal cutoffs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analys
Jung Hwan Yu, Seung Up Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e52. CrossRef
Towards unification of liver stiffness measurement cutoffs: Editorial on “Optimal cut-offs of vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography in diagnosing advanced liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver d
Yangyue Zhang, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 264. CrossRef
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Liver disease in people with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): A cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance elastography
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Paired snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq analysis of MASLD patients to identify early-stage markers for disease progression
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Hepatic neoplasm

Assessment of the postoperative prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma using vibration-controlled transient elastography: A systemic review and meta-analysis: Jung Hwan Yu, Ji Won Han, Young Ju Suh, Young Eun Chon, Hee Yeon Kim, Ji Hyun An, Young-Joo Jin, Miyoung Choi, Seung Up Kim, Dae Won Jun, Han Ah Lee, Mi Na Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S186-S198.
Published online August 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0366

Backgrounds/Aims
This meta-analysis examined whether preoperative vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) can predict postoperative complications and recurrence in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid-Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and KoreaMed databases. Out of 431 individual studies, thirteen published between 2008 and 2022 were included. Five studies focused on HCC recurrence, while eight examined postoperative complications.
Results
The meta-analysis of five studies on HCC recurrence showed that the high-risk group with a high VCTE score had a significantly increased recurrence rate after hepatic resection (hazard ratio 2.14). The cutoff value of VCTE in the high-risk group of HCC recurrence was 7.4–13.4 kPa, the sensitivity was 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.72), and the specificity was 0.60 (95% CI 0.46–0.72). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the liver stiffness measured by VCTE to predict the HCC recurrence was 0.63 (95% CI 0.59–0.67). The meta-analysis on the postoperative complications revealed a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications in the high-risk group (12–25.6 kPa) with a high VCTE value (odds ratio [OR], 8.32). The AUC of the liver stiffness measured by VCTE to predict the postoperative complications was 0.87 (95% CI 0.84–0.90), the sensitivity was 0.76 (95% CI 0.55–0.89) and the specificity was 0.85 (95% CI 0.73–0.92).
Conclusions
This meta-analysis suggests that preoperative VCTE in patients undergoing hepatic resection for HCC is useful in identifying individuals at a high risk of postoperative complications and HCC recurrence.

Citations

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Comparison of HCC patients with and without MASLD after surgical resection
Chia-Jung Ho, Hao-Jan Lei, Chun-Ting Ho, Gar-Yang Chau, Shu-Cheng Chou, Elise Chia-Hui Tan, Pei-Chang Lee, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Ying-Ying Yang, Teh-Ia Huo, Ming-Chih Hou, Jaw-Ching Wu, Chien-Wei Su
JHEP Reports.2026; : 101768. CrossRef
Recent Trends in Noninvasive Tests for Assessing Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Jung Hwan Yu
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2024; 99(5): 232. CrossRef

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Hepatic neoplasm

Non-invasive prediction of post-sustained virological response hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Han Ah Lee, Mi Na Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Miyoung Choi, Jung Hwan Yu, Young-Joo Jin, Hee Yeon Kim, Ji Won Han, Seung Up Kim, Jihyun An, Young Eun Chon; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S172-S185.
Published online August 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0262

Backgrounds/Aims
Despite advances in antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still develops even after sustained viral response (SVR) in patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. This meta-analysis investigated the predictive performance of vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and fibrosis 4-index (FIB-4) for the development of HCC after SVR.
Methods
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies examining the predictive performance of these tests in adult patients with HCV. Two authors independently screened the studies’ methodological quality and extracted data. Pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for HCC development using random-effects bivariate logit normal and linear-mixed effect models.
Results
We included 27 studies (169,911 patients). Meta-analysis of HCC after SVR was possible in nine VCTE and 15 FIB-4 studies. Regarding the prediction of HCC development after SVR, the pooled AUCs of pre-treatment VCTE >9.2–13 kPa and FIB-4 >3.25 were 0.79 and 0.73, respectively. VCTE >8.4–11 kPa and FIB-4 >3.25 measured after SVR maintained good predictive performance, albeit slightly reduced (pooled AUCs: 0.77 and 0.70, respectively). The identified optimal cut-off value for HCC development after SVR was 12.6 kPa for pre-treatment VCTE. That of VCTE measured after the SVR was 11.2 kPa.
Conclusions
VCTE and FIB-4 showed acceptable predictive performance for HCC development in patients with HCV who achieved SVR, underscoring their utility in clinical practice for guiding surveillance strategies. Future studies are needed to validate these findings prospectively and validate their clinical impact.

Citations

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2025 KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of hepatitis C
Eun Sun Jang, Nae Yun Heo, Jae Yoon Jeong, Jung Gil Park, Do Seon Song, Eun Ju Cho, Chang Hun Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Jae Hyun Yoon, Seul Ki Han, Young Kul Jung
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): 1. CrossRef
Comment: Non-invasive prediction of post-sustained virological response hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus
Xinpu Miao, Haidong Wu, Jinrong Xu, Wei Cheng
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): e23. CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance after sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C: Editorial on “Non-invasive prediction of post-sustained virological response hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus: A systematic review and meta-ana
Ho Soo Chun, Minjong Lee
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 261. CrossRef
Longitudinal Effects of Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir on Liver Function, Fibrosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Jung Hee Kim, Jae Hyun Yoon, Sung-Eun Kim, Ji-Won Park, Yewan Park, Gi-Ae Kim, Seong Kyun Na, Young-Sun Lee, Jeong Han Kim
Medicina.2025; 61(9): 1601. CrossRef
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Viral hepatitis

Vibration-controlled transient elastography for significant fibrosis in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Mi Na Kim, Jihyun An, Eun Hwa Kim, Hee Yeon Kim, Han Ah Lee, Jung Hwan Yu, Young-Joo Jin, Young Eun Chon, Seung Up Kim, Dae Won Jun, Ji Won Han, Miyoung Choi; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S106-S116.
Published online July 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0371

Backgrounds/Aims
Accurate diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is crucial when determining whether to initiate antiviral treatment (AVT). We conduct a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic performance of vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) for significant liver fibrosis in AVT-naïve CHB patients with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels within 5-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN).
Methods
The Ovid-Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and KoreaMed databases were searched to identify studies that compared the performance of VCTE and liver biopsy (reference standard) when diagnosing significant liver fibrosis (≥F2) in AVT-naïve CHB patients with ALT within 5-fold the ULN. A hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve (HSROC) and bivariate model were performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of VCTE in the meta-analysis.
Results
Eight studies (2,003 patients) were included. The summary sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66–0.86) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60–0.82), respectively. The HSROC for the diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72–0.86). The optimal cutoff value of VCTE for diagnosis of significant liver fibrosis was 7.7 kPa with a sensitivity of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.50–0.76) and specificity of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72–0.90).
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that VCTE has an acceptable diagnostic performance for significant liver fibrosis in AVT-naïve CHB patients with ALT within 5-fold the ULN.

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Deniz Borcak, Zuhal Yesilbag, Yusuf Emre Ozdemir, Adile Sevde Demir, Esra Salim Dogdas, Aysegul Inci Sezen, Esra Canbolat Unlu, Sevtap Senoglu, Hayat Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu, Kadriye Kart Yasar
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Risk assessment of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma development using vibration-controlled transient elastography: Systematic review and meta-analysis: Young-Joo Jin, Hee Yeon Kim, Young Ju Suh, Chae Hyeon Lee, Jung Hwan Yu, Mi Na Kim, Ji Won Han, Han Ah Lee, Jihyun An, Young Eun Chon, Dae Won Jun, Miyoung Choi, Seung Up Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(Suppl):S159-S171.
Published online July 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0163

Backgrounds/Aims
Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) can assess fibrotic burden in chronic liver diseases. The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether LSM using VCTE can predict the risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
Methods
A systematic literature search of the Ovid-Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, and KoreaMed databases (from January 2010 to June 2023) was conducted. Of the 1,345 individual studies identified, 10 studies that used VCTE were finally registered. Hazard ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were considered summary estimates of treatment effect sizes of ≥11 kilopascal (kPa) standard for HCC development. Meta-analysis was performed using the restricted Maximum Likelihood random effects model.
Results
Among the ten studies, data for risk ratios for HCC development could be obtained from nine studies. When analyzed for the nine studies, the HR for HCC development was high at 3.33 (95% CI, 2.45–4.54) in CHB patients with a baseline LSM of ≥11 kPa compared to patients who did not. In ten studies included, LSM of ≥11 kPa showed the sensitivity and specificity for predicting HCC development were 61% (95% CI, 50–71%) and 78% (95% CI, 66–86%), respectively, and the diagnostic accuracy was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.70–0.77).
Conclusions
The risk of HCC development was elevated in CHB patients with VCTE-determined LSM of ≥11 kPa. This finding suggests that VCTE-determined LSM values may aid the risk prediction of HCC development in CHB patients.

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Review

Steatotic liver disease

Identification of high-risk subjects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Christiane Stern, Laurent Castera; Clin Mol Hepatol 2023;29(Suppl):S196-S206.
Published online December 5, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0431

Abstract
PDF

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common liver disease worldwide, and its burden is expected to increase due to the growing epidemic of obesity and diabetes. The key challenge among NAFLD patients is to identify those with advanced fibrosis (F3F4), who are at high risk of developing complications and will benefit from specialized management and treatment with new pharmacotherapies when they are approved. Liver biopsy appears unrealistic and unsuitable in practice, given the large number of high-risk patients and its well-known limitations. Non-invasive sequential algorithms using fibrosis-4 index as first-line test, followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography or patented blood test, are the best strategy for case finding of high-risk subjects. In fact, they are now recommended by several international guidelines, and should be used and disseminated to increase awareness among physicians beyond liver clinics where most NAFLD patients are seen.

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Editorial

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Transient elastography can be integrated into routine clinical practice for the evaluation of portal hypertension?: Beom Kyung Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23(1):27-30.
Published online March 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2017.0101

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Liver Imaging

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

What we need to know when performing and interpreting US elastography: So Hyun Park, So Yeon Kim, Chong Hyun Suh, Seung Soo Lee, Kyoung Won Kim, So Jung Lee, Moon-Gyu Lee; Clin Mol Hepatol 2016;22(3):406-414.
Published online September 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0106

Abstract
PDF

According to the increasing need for accurate staging of hepatic fibrosis, the ultrasound (US) elastography techniques have evolved significantly over the past two decades. Currently, US elastography is increasingly used in clinical practice. Previously published studies have demonstrated the excellent diagnostic performance of US elastography for the detection and staging of liver fibrosis. Although US elastography may seem easy to perform and interpret, there are many technical and clinical factors which can affect the results of US elastography. Therefore, clinicians who are involved with US elastography should be aware of these factors. The purpose of this article is to present a brief overview of US techniques with the relevant technology, the clinical indications, diagnostic performance, and technical and biological factors which should be considered in order to avoid misinterpretation of US elastography results.

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Review

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Personalized management of cirrhosis by non-invasive tests of liver fibrosis: Grace Lai-Hung Wong, Wendell Zaragoza Espinosa, Vicnent Wai-Sun Wong; Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21(3):200-211.
Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2015.21.3.200

Abstract
PDF

Owing to the high prevalence of various chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, the development of non-invasive tests of fibrosis allows accurate diagnosis of cirrhosis and reduces the need for liver biopsy. In this review, we discuss the application of these non-invasive tests beyond the diagnosis of cirrhosis. In particular, their role in the selection of patients for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and varices screening is highlighted.

Citations

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Original Articles

Viral hepatitis

The factors associated with longitudinal changes in liver stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis B: In Ku Yo, Oh Sang Kwon, Jin Woong Park, Jong Joon Lee, Jung Hyun Lee, In Sik Won, Sun Young Na, Pil Kyu Jang, Pyung Hwa Park, Duck Joo Choi, Yun Soo Kim, Ju Hyun Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21(1):32-40.
Published online March 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2015.21.1.32

Abstract
PDF

Background/Aims

Liver stiffness (LS) as assessed by transient elastography (TE) can change longitudinally in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The aim of this study was to identify the factors that improve LS.

Methods

Between April 2007 and December 2012, 151 patients with CHB who underwent two TE procedures with an interval of about 2 years were enrolled. Ninety-six of the 151 patients were treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues [the antiviral therapy (+) group], while the remaining 55 patients were not [the antiviral therapy (-) group]. The two groups of patients were stratified according to whether they exhibited an improvement or a deterioration in LS during the study period (defined as an LS change of ≤0 or >0 kPa, respectively, over a 1-year period), and their data were compared.

Results

No differences were observed between the antiviral therapy (+) and (-) groups with respect to either their clinical characteristics or their initial LS. The observed LS improvement was significantly greater in the antiviral therapy (+) group than in the antiviral therapy (-) group (-3.0 vs. 0.98 kPa, P=0.011). In the antiviral therapy (+) group, the initial LS was higher in the LS improvement group (n=63) than in the LS deterioration group (n=33; 7.9 vs. 4.8 kPa, P<0.001). However, there were no differences in any other clinical characteristic. In the antiviral therapy (-) group, the initial LS was also higher in the LS improvement group (n=29) than in the LS deterioration group (n=26; 8.3 vs. 6.5 kPa, P=0.021), with no differences in any other clinical characteristic.

Conclusions

A higher initial LS was the only factor associated with LS improvement in patients with CHB in this study.

Citations

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Young Kul Jung, Hyung Joon Yim
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Young Eun Chon, Jun Yong Park, Sung-Min Myoung, Kyu Sik Jung, Beom Kyung Kim, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2017; 112(6): 882. CrossRef
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Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

The usefulness of transient elastography, acoustic-radiation-force impulse elastography, and real-time elastography for the evaluation of liver fibrosis: Jong Ho Chung, Hyung Su Ahn, Sang Gyune Kim, Yun Nah Lee, Young Seok Kim, Soung Won Jeong, Jae Young Jang, Sae Hwan Lee, Hong Soo Kim, Boo Sung Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2013;19(2):156-164.
Published online June 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2013.19.2.156

Abstract
PDF

Background/Aims

Several noninvasive methods have recently been developed for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. The accuracy of transient elastography (TE), acoustic-radiation-force impulse (ARFI) elastography, and real-time elastography (RTE) in predicting liver fibrosis were evaluated.

Methods

Seventy-four patients who had undergone a liver biopsy within the previous 6 months were submitted to evaluation with TE, ARFI, and RTE on the same day.

Results

There were significant correlations between fibrosis stage and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using the three tested methods: TE, r²=0.272, P=0.0002; ARFI, r²=0.225, P=0.0017; and RTE, r²=0.228, P=0.0015. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis (≥F2, Metavir stage) by TE, ARFI, RTE, TE/platelet count (PLT), velocity of shear wave (Vs)/PLT, and elasticity score (Es)/PLT were 0.727, 0.715, 0.507, 0.876, 0.874, and 0.811, respectively. The AUROC for the diagnosis of cirrhosis by TE, ARFI, RTE, TE/PLT, Vs/PLT, and Es/PLT were 0.786, 0.807, 0.767, 0.836, 0.819, and 0.838, respectively. Comparisons of AUROC between all LSMs for predicting significant fibrosis (≥F2) produced the following results: TE vs. RTE, P=0.0069; ARFI vs. RTE, P=0.0277; and TE vs. ARFI, P=0.8836. Applying PLT, the ability of each LSM to predict fibrosis stage significantly increased: TE/PLT vs. TE, P=0.0004; Vs/PLT vs. ARFI, P=0.0022; and Es/PLT vs. RTE, P<0.0001. However, the ability to predict cirrhosis was not enhanced, combining LSM and PLT.

Conclusions

TE and ARFI may be better methods for predicting significant liver fibrosis than RTE. This predictive ability increased significantly when accounting for platelet count. However, all of the measures had comparable efficacies for predicting cirrhosis.

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Review

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Clinical applications of transient elastography: Kyu Sik Jung, Seung Up Kim; Korean J Hepatol 2012;18(2):163-173.
Published online June 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2012.18.2.163

Abstract
PDF

Chronic liver disease represents a major public health problem, accounting for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As prognosis and management depend mainly on the amount and progression of liver fibrosis, accurate quantification of liver fibrosis is essential for therapeutic decision-making and follow-up of chronic liver diseases. Even though liver biopsy is the gold standard for evaluation of liver fibrosis, non-invasive methods that could substitute for invasive procedures have been investigated during past decades. Transient elastography (TE, FibroScan®) is a novel non-invasive method for assessment of liver fibrosis with chronic liver disease. TE can be performed in the outpatient clinic with immediate results and excellent reproducibility. Its diagnostic accuracy for assessment of liver fibrosis has been demonstrated in patients with chronic viral hepatitis; as a result, unnecessary liver biopsy could be avoided in some patients. Moreover, due to its excellent patient acceptance, TE could be used for monitoring disease progression or predicting development of liver-related complications. This review aims at discussing the usefulness of TE in clinical practice.

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Original Article

Clinical factors influencing Liver stiffness as measured by transient elastography (FibroscanⓇ) in patients with chronic Liver disease: Rack Cheon Bae, M.D., Han Jin Cho, M.D., Jong Taek Oh, M.D., Eung Kap Lee, M.D., Jun Heo, M.D., Keun Young Shin, M.D., Soo Young Park, M.D., Min Kyu Jeong, M.D., Seong Woo Jeon, M.D., Chang Min Cho, M.D., Won Young Tak, M.D., Young Oh Kweon, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2010;16(2):123-130.
Published online June 25, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2010.16.2.123

Abstract
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Background/Aims
Transient elastography as performed using the FibroscanⓇ is a useful noninvasive method for evaluating hepatic fibrosis. However, recent studies have found that liver stiffness measurement (lSM) values are inappropriately elevated in acute hepatitis or in the acute flare state of chronic hepatitis, suggesting that the lSM value obtained by the FibroscanⓇ is not a reliable marker for fibrosis. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical factors influencing the lSM value obtained using transient elastography as performed using the FibroscanⓇ in patients with chronic liver disease. Methods: A total of 298 patients who were followed in Kungpook National University Hospital from November 2007 to May 2008 due to previously established liver cirrhosis or chronic liver disease were investigated using the FibroscanⓇ, laboratory test, ultrasound, and/or abdominal computed tomography. Results: The 298 patients were aged 47.8±12.9 years (mean±SD). The cut-off value for a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis was 12.5 kPa (as used in previous studies). Thirty-six patients (15%) and 202 patients (85%) with chronic liver disease without clinical manifestation of cirrhosis had lSMs of >12.5 kPa and <12.5 kPa, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that lSM values were unusually increased in patients with chronic liver disease who were older (P=0.007) or who had increased gamma gultamyltranspetidase (GGT) (P=0.022), decreased albumin (P=0.015), or increased total bilirubin (P=0.009). Conclusions: This study reveals that age, GGT, and albumin are clinical factors influencing lSM values. This reinforces the need to interpret lSM values in the context of a defined diagnosis, biochemical data, radiologic examination, and other clinical findings.

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