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"Alcohol-associated liver disease"

Editorials

Ethanol‑Specific Stress and RAB25/GCN1 Signaling: Emerging Perspectives in Alcohol‑Associated Liver Disease
Miaomiao Wu, Qianying Cheng, Li Zuo, Hua Wang
Received December 1, 2025  Accepted December 2, 2025  Published online December 8, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.1360    [Accepted]
  • 376 View
  • 30 Download
Mechanistic Insights into a Noncanonical RAB25–GCN1 axis in ALD: Editorial on “RAB25/GCN1 signaling promotes ER stress to mediate alcohol-associated liver disease progression”
Seol Hee Park, Wonhyo Seo
Received November 27, 2025  Accepted December 2, 2025  Published online December 8, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.1346    [Accepted]
  • 271 View
  • 21 Download

Review Article

Novel Biomarkers for Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease and Their Implications Across Clinical Settings
Kaanthi Rama, Vinay Jahagirdar, Francisco Idalsoaga, Hanna Blaney, S. Fisher Rhoads, Luis Antonio Díaz, Marco Arrese, Juan Pablo Arab
Received August 15, 2025  Accepted November 17, 2025  Published online November 25, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0921    [Accepted]
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of preventable cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality, yet current laboratory and imaging tools detect only late-stage disease. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence on novel biomarkers that capture the multidimensional pathophysiology of ALD and discusses their utility for routine clinical practice. Traditional serum-based liver fibrosis markers (e.g., cytokeratin-18 fragments, Pro-C3, or the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis) improve non-invasive staging risk beyond aminotransferases, while elastography techniques, such as vibration-controlled transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography, can also quantify liver stiffness with high precision. Among novel mechanistic biomarkers, genetic polymorphisms in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, HSD17B13, and polygenic risk scores define lifetime risk, whereas sex-specific hormonal milieus also modify susceptibility and progression. Moreover, gut dysbiosis signatures, including reduced Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, and a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine N-oxide) correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis. Endocrine imbalances of cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid hormones further stratify metabolic vulnerability. Ultimately, multi-omics platforms (i.e., transcriptomics, lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics) can reveal distinct molecular signatures that predict steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis, and early hepatocellular carcinoma. Integrating these biomarkers enables phase-specific enrichment strategies, earlier intervention windows, adaptive dose-finding, and mechanism-based endpoints in ALD trials. Remaining challenges include assay standardization, validation across diverse cohorts, and incorporation into regulatory frameworks. Future work could evaluate cost-effectiveness and feasibility in routine clinical practice. Widespread adoption promises earlier diagnosis, personalized risk reduction, and more efficient drug development for this globally prevalent disorder.
  • 1,228 View
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Original Article

RAB25/GCN1 signaling promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress to mediate alcohol-associated liver disease progression
Xue-Wen Liu, Zi-Bin Zhan, Ze-Hua Li, Yue Zhang, Xue-Yan Qiao, Xin-Ming Li, Xiang-Jing Liang, Kun-Hao Bai, Xian-Feng Xia, Fan-Hon Zeng, Yi Gao, Jun Weng
Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(1):200-220.
Published online September 8, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0559
Background/Aims
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in hepatocytes plays a causative role in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). The incomplete inhibition of ER stress by targeting canonical ER stress sensor proteins suggests the existence of noncanonical ER stress pathways in ALD pathology. This study aimed to delineate the role of RAB25 in ALD and its regulatory mechanism in noncanonical ER stress pathways.
Methods
RAB25 activation was examined in liver samples from ALD patients and ethanol-fed mice. The interaction between RAB25 and GCN1 was confirmed through mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays in vitro. The role of RAB25/GCN1 in promoting noncanonical ER stress in ALD was assessed both in vitro and in vivo.
Results
RAB25 expression was upregulated and specifically accumulated on the ER in ALD. Mass spectrometry and Co-IP assays confirmed that RAB25 interacts with GCN1, thereby activating a noncanonical ER stress pathway that facilitates ALD progression. Further analysis revealed that RAB25 interaction with GCN1 inhibits K33-ubiquitination-mediated degradation of GCN1, promotes GCN2 phosphorylation, and subsequently activates ATF4-mediated ER stress. This activation modulates lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and inflammation, thereby facilitating ALD progression. Knockdown of RAB25 in hepatocytes inhibited ER stress activation and mitigated associated mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive lipid synthesis, and the exaggerated inflammatory response in an ALD model.
Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate a causal role for RAB25-GCN1 signaling in activating the ER stress pathway, which contributes to ALD progression. This pathway may provide a proof-of-concept target for treating ALD and associated metabolic disorders.
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  • 309 Download

Editorial

Citations

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  • Advancing policy and practice in alcohol-associated liver disease and alcohol-attributable cancer: Correspondence to the editorial on “Sex disparities in alcohol-associated liver disease and subtype differences in alcohol-attributable cancers in the Unite
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Donghee Kim, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Amit G. Singal, Ju Dong Yang
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): e96.     CrossRef
  • Hidden Burden of Alcohol Use Disorder in MASLD and MetALD: Clinical and Nomenclatural Implications
    Yuri Cho
    Gut and Liver.2025; 19(5): 637.     CrossRef
  • 2,055 View
  • 24 Download
  • Crossref

Correspondence

Alcohol-related liver disease

Correspondence to editorial on “Global epidemiology of alcohol-related liver disease, liver cancer, and alcohol use disorder, 2000-2021”
Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Luis Antonio Diaz, Kanokphong Suparan, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Juan Pablo Arab
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(2):e200-e202.
Published online February 17, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0166

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Stable Nationwide Sepsis-Related Mortality Does Not Extend to Individuals with Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Kwanjit Duangsonk, Claire S. Faulkner, Supapitch Sirimangklanurak, Tulaton Sodsri, Natchaya Polpichai, Shu-Yen Chan, Yanfang Pang, Omar Y. Mousa, Donghee Kim, Suthat Liangpunsakul, Karn Wijarnpreecha
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,978 View
  • 37 Download
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Original Article

Alcohol-related liver disease

Global epidemiology of alcohol-related liver disease, liver cancer, and alcohol use disorder, 2000–2021
Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Luis Antonio Díaz, Kanokphong Suparan, Primrose Tothanarungroj, Supapitch Sirimangklanurak, Thanida Auttapracha, Hanna L. Blaney, Banthoon Sukphutanan, Yanfang Pang, Siwanart Kongarin, Francisco Idalsoaga, Eduardo Fuentes-López, Lorenzo Leggio, Mazen Noureddin, Trenton M. White, Alexandre Louvet, Philippe Mathurin, Rohit Loomba, Patrick S. Kamath, Jürgen Rehm, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Juan Pablo Arab
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(2):525-547.
Published online January 9, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0835
Background/Aims
Alcohol represents a leading burden of disease worldwide, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). We aim to assess the global burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer between 2000–2021.
Methods
We registered the global and regional trends of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-related liver cancer using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study, the largest and most up-to-date global epidemiology database. We estimated the annual percent change (APC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess changes in age-standardized rates over time.
Results
In 2021, there were 111.12 million cases of AUD, 3.02 million cases of ALD, and 132,030 cases of alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer. Between 2000 and 2021, there was a 14.66% increase in AUD, a 38.68% increase in ALD, and a 94.12% increase in alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer prevalence. While the age-standardized prevalence rate for liver cancer from alcohol increased (APC 0.59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52 to 0.67%) over these years, it decreased for ALD (APC –0.71%; 95% CI –0.75 to –0.67%) and AUD (APC –0.90%; 95% CI –0.94 to –0.86%). There was significant variation by region, socioeconomic development level, and sex. During the last years (2019–2021), the prevalence, incidence, and death of ALD increased to a greater extent in females.
Conclusions
Given the high burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer, urgent measures are needed to prevent them at both global and national levels.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Rising burden of steatotic liver disease in women of childbearing age and projections to 2035
    Youxin Wang, Ruiqiu Chen, Shi Yan Lee, Eunice X.X. Tan, Mark Muthiah, Zhou Yu, Margaret L.P. Teng, Jazleen Leo, Cheng Han Ng, Ashok Choudhury, Daniel Q. Huang
    JHEP Reports.2026; 8(1): 101646.     CrossRef
  • An Integrated Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis From the Bloodstream to Identify Potential Biomarkers for ALD, MASLD, and HCC Without a Viral Background
    Karina González‐García, Cecilia Zertuche‐Martínez, Itayetzi Reyes‐Avendaño, Edilburga Reyes‐Jiménez, Pablo Muriel, Saúl Villa‐Treviño, Jaime Arellanes‐Robledo, Rafael Baltiérrez‐Hoyos, Verónica Rocío Vásquez‐Garzón
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Letter: Global Burden of Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease‐Related Liver Cancer—Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Authors' Reply
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Donghee Kim, Markos Kalligeros, Amit G. Singal, Ju Dong Yang, Karn Wijarnpreecha
    Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 61(6): 1080.     CrossRef
  • Updated recommendations for the management of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by the Latin American working group
    Luis Antonio Diaz, Juan Pablo Arab, Francisco Idalsoaga, Javiera Perelli, Javier Vega, Melisa Dirchwolf, Javiera Carreño, Bárbara Samith, Cynthia Valério, Rodrigo Oliveira Moreira, Mónica Acevedo, Javier Brahm, Nelia Hernández, Adrian Gadano, Claudia P. O
    Annals of Hepatology.2025; 30(2): 101903.     CrossRef
  • Editorial: Balancing the Yin and Yang of Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease—Integrating Pathophysiology, Liver‐Directed Therapy, and Addiction Management. Authors' Reply
    Luis Antonio Díaz, Rohit Loomba
    Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 61(7): 1256.     CrossRef
  • Implementing public health policy to tackle alcohol-related harms
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Karn Wijarnpreecha
    The Lancet Public Health.2025; 10(5): e350.     CrossRef
  • Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease and Risk Stratification for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review
    Jaeyoun Choi, Hyun-seok Kim
    Current Hepatology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Public Health Policies and Strategies to Prevent Alcohol-Related Morbidity and Mortality
    Roba El Zibaoui, Luis Antonio Díaz, Francisco Idalsoaga, Juan Pablo Arab
    Current Hepatology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Tetramethylpyrazine: A fermented alcohol product that mitigates alcoholic liver disease in mice
    Qing Pu, Han Gao, Dake Xiao, Manyuan Wang, Zhiyun Yang, Qiang He, Min Liu, Xuejin Zhu, Tao Pan, Zhitao Ma, Jiabo Wang, Yao Liu
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2025; 236: 160.     CrossRef
  • Disproportionately rising mortality rates of alcohol-associated acute Pancreatitis: Analysis from centers for Disease Control and prevention database (2011–2020)
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Yanfang Pang, Donghee Kim, Thanida Auttapracha, Shu-Yen Chan, Do Han Kim, Thanawin Pramotedham, Kanita Mankan, Chanokporn Puchongmart, Juan Pablo Arab, Luis Antonio Diaz, Jorge D. Machicado, Michael B. Wallace, Karn Wijarnpreecha
    Pancreatology.2025; 25(4): 508.     CrossRef
  • Safety and Tolerability of Injectable Extended‐Release Naltrexone for the Management of Alcohol Use Disorder in Advanced Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease
    Luis Antonio Díaz, Summer Collier, Jeffrey Yin, Rohit Loomba
    Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 62(7): 692.     CrossRef
  • Osteoporosis is associated with increased CVD mortality and all-cause mortality in alcohol-consuming individuals: A cohort study using data from NHANES
    Xiaoqin Qu, Jingcheng Jiang, Qian Wu,
    PLOS One.2025; 20(6): e0327180.     CrossRef
  • Fabrication of camptothecin and gold nanoparticles encapsulated liposomes for synergic anticancer therapy in liver cancer cells
    Hengyang Wang, Jingjian Ding, Tao Wang, Kongliang Luo
    Particulate Science and Technology.2025; 43(6): 1002.     CrossRef
  • Sex Disparity in Major Adverse Liver Outcome and Major Adverse Cardiac Event in Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Donghee Kim, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Mark D. Muthiah, Suthat Liangpunsakul
    Liver International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Social determinants of alcohol and tobacco use among Hispanic adolescents: a scoping review
    Kazi Priyanka Silmi, Victoria Castillo, Nallely Segura, Nayeli Carrillo Cervantes, Yailene Perez, Aubrey Valenzuela, Erika A. Pugh, Jennifer B. Unger, Marybel R. Gonzalez
    Frontiers in Psychiatry.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • MetALD: new insights and unraveling therapeutic potential
    Yue Feng, PanShiLi Han, Tao Liu, YanHang Gao
    Metabolism and Target Organ Damage.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on alcohol consumption and liver-related outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Bernardo de Faria Moraes, Gabriel André Pedral Diniz Leite, Gustavo André Pedral Diniz Leite, Igor Boechat Silveira, Nathália Veloso Lana, Guilherme Grossi Lopes Cançado
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence.2025; 275: 112840.     CrossRef
  • Portal hypertension in alcohol-associated hepatitis: harmless and the reflection of systemic inflammation?
    Karim Gebara, Lionel Moulis, Joana Pissarra, Benjamin Rivière, Georges-Philippe Pageaux, José Ursic-Bedoya
    Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2025; 49(8): 102668.     CrossRef
  • Patterns and Outcomes of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) in Oman: A Retrospective Study in a Culturally Conservative Context
    Said A. Al-Busafi, Thuwiba A. Al Baluki, Ahmed Alwassief
    Livers.2025; 5(3): 38.     CrossRef
  • Alcoholic liver disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine through preclinical and clinical evidence
    Ke Wu, Long Zhao, Tiangang Wang, Jiayue Yang, Yueshui Zhao, Fukuan Du, Yu Chen, Shuai Deng, Jing Shen, Zhangang Xiao, Jingwen Liu, Ruhan Yang, Xi Li, Hua Li, Wanping Li, Xiaobing Li, Yuhong Sun, Li Gu, Xu Wu, Mingxing Li
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  • Consumo de alcohol y cirrosis en mujeres: un riesgo subestimado
    P. Huerta, J.P. Arab, L.A. Díaz
    Revista de Gastroenterología de México.2025; 90(4): 509.     CrossRef
  • Comparative effectiveness of digital versus face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Ji Eun Kim, Jiyeong Kim, Nayeon Choi, Sang Kyu Lee, Hong Seok Oh, Sungwon Roh
    Psychological Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Alcohol use and cirrhosis in women: An underestimated risk
    P. Huerta, J.P. Arab, L.A. Díaz
    Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition).2025; 90(4): 509.     CrossRef
  • A Higher Risk of Liver Cancer in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease than in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: an Analysis of the TriNetX Dabatase
    Ling-Hui Chang, Sheng-You Su, Chun Lee, Chao-Yu Hsu
    Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Letter: Safety and Tolerability of Injectable Extended‐Release Naltrexone for the Management of Alcohol Use Disorder in Advanced Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease—Authors' Reply
    Luis Antonio Díaz, Rohit Loomba
    Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 62(11-12): 1241.     CrossRef
  • Gut microbiome and its metabolites in liver cirrhosis: mechanisms and clinical implications
    Luyuan Chang, Yang Liu, Haipeng Li, Jiaqi Yan, Wenzong Wu, Nuo Chen, Chunyu Ma, Xinyi Zhao, Juan Chen, Jing Zhang
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  • Increasing Prevalence of Steatotic Liver Disease in a Japanese Health Checkup Population, 2004–2022
    Yuki Nakahata, Takao Miwa, Akihiro Obora, Takao Kojima, Nobuaki Yagi, Masahito Shimizu
    Liver International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Longitudinal Risk of Cirrhosis by Steatotic Liver Disease Subtype Among 1.5 Million Individuals in the U.S.
    Mai Sedki, Zeyuan Yang, Ashwani K. Singal, Mário Guimarães Pessoa, Aleksander Krag, Jörn M. Schattenberg, Linda Henry, Saleh Alqahtani, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Zobair M. Younossi, Robert J. Wong
    JHEP Reports.2025; : 101680.     CrossRef
  • Pharmacotherapy to Prevent Alcohol Relapse in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
    Wei Zhang, Soo Young Hwang, Jay Luther
    Current Gastroenterology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A multi-omics approach combining causal inference and in vivo validation identifies key protein drivers of alcohol-associated liver disease
    Qingyi Zhou, Xuan Ma, Qianqian Cui, Lei Zhang, Chao Yao, Zilu Zhang, Xiaoli Wang, Liang Chu
    Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Stable Nationwide Sepsis-Related Mortality Does Not Extend to Individuals with Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease
    Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Kwanjit Duangsonk, Claire S. Faulkner, Supapitch Sirimangklanurak, Tulaton Sodsri, Natchaya Polpichai, Shu-Yen Chan, Yanfang Pang, Omar Y. Mousa, Donghee Kim, Suthat Liangpunsakul, Karn Wijarnpreecha
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Nanovaccines in hepatocellular carcinoma: a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy
    Afreen Usmani, Mohd Aftab Siddiqui, Anuradha Mishra, Rania I.M. Almoselhy, Ambreen Shoaib, Mirunalini Gobinath, Mohd Nazam Ansari
    Medical Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 13,972 View
  • 394 Download
  • 29 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Editorial

Original Article

Alcohol-related liver disease

The prognostic impact of psychiatric intervention on alcohol-associated liver disease: The UK Biobank cohort study
Keungmo Yang, Sunghwan Kim, Hyun Yang, Sheng-Min Wang, Bumseok Jeong, Hyun Kook Lim, Si Hyun Bae
Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(4):929-942.
Published online August 27, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0278
Background/Aims
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a public health concern. ALD patients often have psychiatric comorbidities, but the effects of psychiatric interventions on ALD are not well-established. This study explores the prognostic impact of psychiatric intervention on ALD within UK Biobank cohort.
Methods
This population-based study included 2,417 ALD patients from the UK Biobank cohort. Psychiatric intervention was defined by a consultation with psychiatrists during hospitalization or a history of medication related to alcohol use disorder and psychiatric comorbidities. Survival analysis was conducted, incorporating propensity score matching (PSM), to precisely assess the impact of psychiatric intervention.
Results
Among 2,417 ALD patients, those with F10 (mental disorders due to alcohol) codes had poorer survival outcomes. Psychiatric intervention significantly improved the outcomes of both all-cause and liver-related mortality and reduced the incidence of liver cirrhosis. In subgroup or 2-year landmark analyses, psychiatric intervention consistently showed a survival benefit in ALD patients. In the multivariate analysis, psychiatric intervention was identified as a favorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 0.780; P=0.002 after PSM).
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the favorable effect of psychiatric intervention in ALD patients with psychiatric comorbidities. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated management for ALD patients to address both their medical and psychiatric aspects. Therefore, we suggest the potential benefits of early psychiatric interventions in improving survival outcomes in ALD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • The urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches in managing alcohol-associated liver disease: Editorial on “The prognostic impact of psychiatric intervention on alcohol-associated liver disease: The UK Biobank cohort study”
    Soon Sun Kim, Jae Youn Cheong
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 316.     CrossRef
  • Trends in Concurrent Psychiatric Comorbidities in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: A Nationwide Study from 2015–2023
    Shu-Yen Chan, Yee Hui Yeo, Hyunseok Kim, Molly Delk, Natchaya Polpichai, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Peng-Sheng Ting
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,055 View
  • 167 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • Crossref
Special topic: Alcoholic liver diseases
The 14th International Symposium on Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis (ISALPDC)

Alcohol-related liver disease

From intestinal dysbiosis to alcohol-associated liver disease
Beatriz Garcia Mendes, Bernd Schnabl
Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26(4):595-605.
Published online September 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2020.0086
Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial overgrowth can lead to a dysregulation of tryptophan metabolism and lower production of indoles. Several of these indole derivatives are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that, in turn, are involved in antimicrobial defense via induction of interleukin-22 (IL-22). IL-22 increases the expression of intestinal regenerating islet-derived 3 (Reg3) lectins, which maintain low bacterial colonization of the inner mucus layer and reduce bacterial translocation to the liver. Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with reduced intestinal expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, increased numbers of mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial translocation. Translocated microbial products and viable bacteria reach the liver and activate the innate immune system. Release of inflammatory molecules promotes inflammation, contributes to hepatocyte death and results in a fibrotic response. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake changes the gut microbiota and contributes to alcohol-associated liver disease by changing microbial-derived metabolites.

Citations

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  • Selective Depletion of Gut Gram-Negative Bacteria Attenuates Alcohol Binge-Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction by Lowering Cardiac Anandamide Levels
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    Alessia Costa, Elena Lucarini
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    Do Seon Song, Jin Mo Yang, Young Kul Jung, Hyung Joon Yim, Hee Yeon Kim, Chang Wook Kim, Soon Sun Kim, Jae Youn Cheong, Hae Lim Lee, Sung Won Lee, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim
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    Soon Kyu Lee, Jong Young Choi
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 301.     CrossRef
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  • NLRP3 and Gut–Liver Axis: New Possibility for the Treatment of Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease
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