Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystemic disease and a rapidly growing cause of chronic liver disease in children and adults worldwide. Diagnosis and management of extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothyroidism, psoriasis, and extrahepatic malignancy are crucial for the treatment of patients with NAFLD. The leading cause of death in NAFLD is primarily from CVD, followed by liver-related mortality, extrahepatic cancer, liver cancer, and diabetes-related mortality. Therefore, clinicians need to identify high-risk patients earlier in the disease course and be aware of the extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD to improve liver disease outcomes. In this review, we focus on the monitoring and management of the extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Association Between Sociodemographic Variables, Healthy Habits, and Stress with Risk Scales for Liver Disease Associated with Metabolic Dysfunction Ángel Arturo López-González, Emilio Martínez-Almoyna Rifá, Hernán Paublini Oliveira, Cristina Martorell Sánchez, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent Life.2025; 15(1): 116. CrossRef
Long-term outcomes and risk modifiers of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease between lean and non-lean populations Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Kanokphong Suparan, Vitchapong Prasitsumrit, Aijaz Ahmed, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Donghee Kim Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 74. CrossRef
Non alkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı ile kafein alımı arasındaki ilişki İzel Akkaya, İlknur Gökçe Yıldırım Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi.2025; 7(1): 47. CrossRef
Advances in humanoid organoid-based research on inter-organ communications during cardiac organogenesis and cardiovascular diseases Baoqiang Ni, Lingqun Ye, Yan Zhang, Shijun Hu, Wei Lei Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of High‐Sensitivity Troponins in Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease With All‐Cause and Cause‐Specific Mortality Donghee Kim, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Karn Wijarnpreecha, George Cholankeril, Aijaz Ahmed Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 61(11): 1785. CrossRef
Investigating the Mechanisms of Lycii fructus in Treating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetes Comorbidity Through Network Pharmacology and Molecular Dynamics Peng Sun, Jiahui Song, Yang Liu, Xiujing Li, Yiming Zhang, Yuxing Zhou, Wei Gong Food Science & Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Increased BMD in SLD Patients Without Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis: Evidence From the NHANES 2017–2020 Database Tianhao Wu, Lu Li, Yayuan Mei, Peizhen Lv, Jiawei Cui, Lin Liu, Yuemin Nan, Ang Li, Yu-Chen Fan Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Advances in Incretin‐Based Therapies for MAFLD: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence Wenqi Dong, Haiming Zhang, Shaowei Mu, Shuyi Shi, Junli Zhang, Keshu Xu Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Extrahepatic Comorbidities Associated with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease; A Tertiary Hospital Experience Masoudreza Sohrabi, Mozhdeh Mosalli, Parvin Hassanzadeh, Somayeh Bahrami, Mahmoodreza Khoonsari, Hossein Ajdarkosh, Farhad Zamani Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases.2025; 17(2): 96. CrossRef
Causal Relationship between Psoriasis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study 恒 杨 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(04): 101. CrossRef
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a current challenge of interdisciplinary research E. V. Biryukova Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council.2024; (6): 72. CrossRef
Association between obesity phenotypes and non-alcoholic fatty liver: a large population- based study Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Mehdi Moradi Nazar, Mitra Darbandi BMC Endocrine Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Masquerading Spleen: A Perplexing Case of Intrahepatic Splenosis Mimicking Hepatocellular Carcinoma Noriko Ikeda, Yujo Kawashita, Masaki Tateishi, Takashi Ueda, Junzo Yamaguchi, Yasuo Washida, Yoichi Hachitanda Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative associations of MASLD and MAFLD with the presence and severity of coronary artery calcification Min Kyu Kang, Jeong Eun Song, Rohit Loomba, Soo Young Park, Won Young Tak, Young Oh Kweon, Yu Rim Lee, Jung Gil Park Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Physical Activity With Risk of Liver Fibrosis, Sarcopenia, and Cardiovascular Disease in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Ho Soo Chun, Minjong Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Seo Yeong Oh, Hyo Jeong Baek, Jae Won Moon, Yeon Jeong Kim, Jinha Lee, Hyoeun Kim, Hwi Young Kim, Kwon Yoo, Tae Hun Kim, Seung Up Kim Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2023; 21(2): 358. CrossRef
Positive association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and growth hormone deficiency in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma Yoon-a Hwang, Hye Won Lee, Sang Hoon Ahn, Eun Jig Lee, Cheol Ryong Ku, Seung Up Kim Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease identifies subjects with cardiovascular risk better than non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease Ho Soo Chun, Minjong Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yong‐Ho Lee, Ji‐Hye Kim, Seung Up Kim Liver International.2023; 43(3): 608. CrossRef
Liver transplantation for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: indications and post-transplant management Sara Battistella, Francesca D’Arcangelo, Marco Grasso, Alberto Zanetto, Martina Gambato, Giacomo Germani, Marco Senzolo, Francesco Paolo Russo, Patrizia Burra Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(Suppl): S286. CrossRef
Extrahepatic Outcomes of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Maryam K. Ibrahim, Tracey G. Simon, Mary E. Rinella Clinics in Liver Disease.2023; 27(2): 251. CrossRef
Noninvasive imaging biomarkers for liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current and future Jung Hwan Yu, Han Ah Lee, Seung Up Kim Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(Suppl): S136. CrossRef
Diabetes and cirrhosis: Current concepts on diagnosis and management Laurent Castera, Kenneth Cusi Hepatology.2023; 77(6): 2128. CrossRef
Clinical and histologic factors associated with discordance between steatosis grade derived from histology vs. MRI‐PDFF in NAFLD Beom K. Kim, Nicole Bernstein, Daniel Q. Huang, Nobuharu Tamaki, Kento Imajo, Masato Yoneda, Nancy Sutter, Jinho Jung, Khang Nguyen, Leyna Nguyen, Tracy Le, Egbert Madamba, Lisa Richards, Mark A. Valasek, Cynthia Behling, Claude B. Sirlin, Atsushi Nakajim Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2023; 58(2): 229. CrossRef
MAFLD might be better in identifying subjects with sarcopenia or cardiovascular risk than NAFLD: A nationwide study Eugene Han, Ho Soo Chun, Yong‐ho Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Byung‐Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong‐Soo Cha, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2023; 38(9): 1598. CrossRef
Regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with reduced risk of incident diabetes: A longitudinal cohort study Dong Hyun Sinn, Danbee Kang, Eliseo Guallar, Sung Chul Choi, Yun Soo Hong, Yewan Park, Juhee Cho, Geum-Youn Gwak, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0288820. CrossRef
Fibrotic Burden in the Liver Differs Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Subtypes Tae Seop Lim, Ho Soo Chun, Soon Sun Kim, Ja Kyung Kim, Minjong Lee, Hyo Jung Cho, Seung Up Kim, Jae Youn Cheong Gut and Liver.2023; 17(4): 610. CrossRef
Magnetic resonance elastography-based prediction model for hepatic decompensation in NAFLD: A multicenter cohort study Beom Kyung Kim, Jaclyn Bergstrom, Rohan Loomba, Nobuharu Tamaki, Namiki Izumi, Atsushi Nakajima, Ramazan Idilman, Mesut Gumussoy, Digdem K. Oz, Ayse Erden, Emily Truong, Ju Dong Yang, Mazen Noureddin, Alina M. Allen, Rohit Loomba, Veeral Ajmera Hepatology.2023; 78(6): 1858. CrossRef
Polycystic ovary syndrome in pediatric obesity and diabetes Elena DONDI, Maria TUFANO, Maria C. VIGONE, Laura LUCACCIONI, Gabriella POZZOBON, Graziamaria UBERTINI, Enza MOZZILLO, Maurizio DELVECCHIO Minerva Pediatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Mouse liver injury induces hepatic macrophage FGF23 production Pradeep Kumar, Yunshan Liu, Yang Shen, Jacquelyn J. Maher, Francesca Cingolani, Mark J. Czaja, Matias A Avila PLOS ONE.2022; 17(3): e0264743. CrossRef
New Insights into Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: The Liver-Heart Axis Georgiana-Diana Cazac, Cristina-Mihaela Lăcătușu, Cătălina Mihai, Elena-Daniela Grigorescu, Alina Onofriescu, Bogdan-Mircea Mihai Life.2022; 12(8): 1189. CrossRef
Old and new classes of glucose-lowering agents as treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review Lei Miao, Jing Xu, Giovanni Targher, Christopher D Byrne, Ming-Hua Zheng Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2022; 28(4): 725. CrossRef
Ultrasound-Based Hepatic Elastography in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Focus on Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Georgiana-Diana Cazac, Cristina-Mihaela Lăcătușu, Cătălina Mihai, Elena-Daniela Grigorescu, Alina Onofriescu, Bogdan-Mircea Mihai Biomedicines.2022; 10(10): 2375. CrossRef
Intestinal microbiota in the treatment of metabolically associated fatty liver disease Ji-Shuai Wang, Jin-Chun Liu World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(31): 11240. CrossRef
A Multidisciplinary Approach and Current Perspective of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review Chowdhury F Zaman, Jakia Sultana, Proma Dey, Jui Dutta, Sadia Mustarin, Nuzhat Tamanna, Aditi Roy, Nisha Bhowmick, Mousumi Khanam, Sadia Sultana, Selia Chowdhury, Farjana Khanam, Md Sakibuzzaman, Priyata Dutta Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Role of Resveratrol in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Review from In Vitro to Clinical Trials Carmine Izzo, Monica Annunziata, Giuseppe Melara, Roberta Sciorio, Marcello Dallio, Mario Masarone, Alessandro Federico, Marcello Persico Nutrients.2021; 13(3): 933. CrossRef
Risk stratification using sarcopenia status among subjects with metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease Ho Soo Chun, Mi Na Kim, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2021; 12(5): 1168. CrossRef
The Association Between Breastfeeding and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Parous Women: A Nation‐wide Cohort Study Yewan Park, Dong Hyun Sinn, Joo Hyun Oh, Myung Ji Goh, Kyunga Kim, Wonseok Kang, Yong‐Han Paik, Moon Seok Choi, Joon Hyeok Lee, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik, Geum‐Youn Gwak Hepatology.2021; 74(6): 2988. CrossRef
Association between Fasting Ketonuria and Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients without Prediabetes and Diabetes Mellitus Kiyoung Lim, Minkyu Kang, Junggil Park Nutrients.2021; 13(10): 3400. CrossRef
Fatty Liver Index for Predicting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in an Asymptomatic Korean Population Eun-Ju Cho, Gu-Cheol Jung, Min-Sun Kwak, Jong-In Yang, Jeong-Yoon Yim, Su-Jong Yu, Goh-Eun Chung Diagnostics.2021; 11(12): 2233. CrossRef
Non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and hematologic manifestations (Review) Vlad Pădureanu, Dalia Dop, Alice Drăgoescu, Rodica Pădureanu, Anca Mușetescu, Laurențiu Nedelcu Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunity as Cornerstone of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Contribution of Oxidative Stress in the Disease Progression Marcello Dallio, Moris Sangineto, Mario Romeo, Rosanna Villani, Antonino Davide Romano, Carmelina Loguercio, Gaetano Serviddio, Alessandro Federico International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(1): 436. CrossRef
Nutraceutical correction in the complex non-drug treatment of metabolic syndrome L.G. Agasarov, T.V. Apkhanova, V.N. Sergeev, A.D. Fesun, M.M. Krukova, V.A. Vasilyeva, D.B. Kulchitskaya, T.V. Konchugova, G.A. Puzyreva, M.Yu. Yakovlev Voprosy kurortologii, fizioterapii i lechebnoi fizicheskoi kul'tury.2021; 98(4): 25. CrossRef
First
Prev
